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Journal Article

Stable Proportional-Derivative Controllers

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In computer animation, a common technique for tracking the motion of characters is the proportional-derivative (PD) controller. In this paper, we introduce a new formulation of the PD controller that allows arbitrarily high gains, even at large time steps. The key to our approach is to determine the joint forces and torques while taking into account the positions and velocities of the character in the next time step. The method is stable even when combined with a physics simulator that uses simple Euler integration. We demonstrate that these new, stable PD controllers can be used in a variety of ways, including motion tracking in a physics simulator, keyframe interpolation with secondary motion, and constraint satisfaction for simulation.

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Author(s)
Jie Tan
C. Karen Liu
Greg Turk
Journal Name
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications (CG&A) 2011
Publication Date
June, 2011